Professor Nils Urbach
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AI literacy requirements according to Art. 4 AI Act

22/10/2025

 
With the adoption of Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (the ‘AI Act’), European legislators have firstly created a binding legal framework for the risk-appropriate use of artificial intelligence (AI). In addition to technical and organizational requirements, Art. 4 of the Regulation contains an explicit obligation to ensure a sufficient level of AI literacy among those involved in the development, operation and use of AI systems. The obligation applies to providers and deployers of such systems and must be fulfilled “to their best extent”.

Our recently published whitepaper provides a systematic analysis and practical operationalization of the AI literacy requirements standardized by Article 4 AI Act. The aim is to provide guidance, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), on the structured implementation of the regulatory requirements. To this end, the legal basis is thoroughly examined and translated into an integrated competence model that distinguishes between individual (micro-) and organizational (macro-) dimensions.

The focus is on a two-stage process model for identifying and developing AI literacy: a bottom-up analysis of individual abilities is systematically combined with a top-down comparison of organizational requirements. In addition, a morphological box for classifying AI-relevant role profiles is introduced, which enables a structured assignment competence requirements and measures.

This work thus contributes to the normative, methodological and practical foundation of the obligation to ensure competence in the field of AI established by Article 4 AI Act. It is intended as a guide for corporate and public actors who not only want to meet regulatory requirements but also want to translate them into strategically sound competence development.

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How generative AI transforms human resources recruitment

8/10/2025

 
The global talent shortage has become a universal challenge, prompting practitioners and researchers to explore digital innovations as potential solutions for acquiring the right talents. However, the role of emerging technologies like generative artificial intelligence (AI) in human resources (HR) remains largely uncharted territory. 

Our recently accepted article investigates generative AI's transformative potential to augment recruiters' daily operations. Through a qualitative interview study, we derive and illuminate the opportunities of generative AI within the recruitment domain, shedding light on its promising opportunities but also addressing inherent challenges. The findings of this study propose a theoretical model of generative AI in recruitment and how it empowers recruiters in their daily tasks to recruit tomorrow's talents.

I am happy that our paper “Hiring Tomorrow’s Talents: How Generative Artificial Intelligence Transforms Human Resources Recruitment” has been accepted for presentation at the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) in January 2026.
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Challenges in decentralized social media

8/10/2025

 
Centralized social media (CSM) are criticized for issues such as data exploitation, content manipulation, and unilateral governance. In response, decentralized social media (DSM) platforms, such as federated and blockchain-based, have emerged, promising greater user autonomy, privacy, and participatory governance. However, the extent to which DSM address or merely reconfigure CSM’s problems remains unclear.

Our recently accepted study conducts a scoping literature review to analyze challenges across three dimensions: platform ownership, technical infrastructure, and user agency. Using qualitative coding, we synthesize critical issues and find that decentralization redistributes, rather than resolves, social media’s core challenges. While DSM reduce corporate dominance, they introduce new governance complexities, infrastructural barriers, and issues related to user agency such as extremism and misinformation. We conclude that DSM shift the locus of control and responsibility, requiring innovative governance to realize their potential.

I am happy that our paper “One Solution to Fix Them All: Does Decentralization Fix the Problems of Social Media?” has been accepted for presentation at the 46th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS 2025) in Nashville, Tennessee.
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Evolution of organizational decision making under AI

8/10/2025

 
Although artificial intelligence (AI) is expected to significantly alter strategic decision making (DM) on an organizational level, only a few scientific articles examine the evolution of AI within the organizational DM (ODM) process. Most contributions lack empirical insights to allow predictions of the development of DM under the influence of AI or show outdated perspectives on the capabilities of AI in ODM. 

Our new paper addresses this gap by conducting a multi-vocal literature review (MLR) and a quantitative analysis of patents on AI-based decision support systems (DSS). Overall, the findings advance current research on AI in ODM by providing an overview of existing theoretical contributions and predicting a trend toward an increasing augmentation of human intelligence by AI throughout the ODM process. This enables managers to take strategic action and adapt organizational structures and managerial tasks based on our prediction of the future evolution of AI within the ODM process.

I am happy that our paper “The Evolution of the Organizational Decision Making Process: A Predictive Analysis of the Impact of Artificial Intelligence” has been accepted for presentation at the 46th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS 2025) in Nashville, Tennessee.
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Data protection-compliant and efficient AI with split and federated learning

2/10/2025

 
Let's imagine: Europe develops artificial intelligence without handing over sensitive data, without dependence on US clouds, and without building expensive new data centers.

What still sounds like a vision today is technically possible with the SplitNFed approach: a concept for data-sovereign, distributed AI training that uses existing IT infrastructure instead of replacing it.

In our new white paper, we show how companies can use SplitNFed to protect their data, make better use of existing IT infrastructure, and train AI securely and collaboratively, even with limited computing resources—all in a sovereign, efficient, and scalable manner.

Click here for the (German) white paper: https://lnkd.in/e7FNUqHe
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How AI is changing administration

30/9/2025

 
I was interviewed by hessenschau on how AI is changing administration, using the example of Lufthansa, which plans to cut 4,000 jobs.

My key points:
  • AI rarely replaces entire jobs, but rather individual routine tasks.
  • People remain in demand for exceptions, quality assurance, complex decisions, and direct customer contact.
  • There is great potential in processes with clear rules, many data points, and repetitions – e.g., accounting, master data maintenance, or standard customer service inquiries.
  • AI therefore does not so much replace humans as shift what those humans do.
  • Politicians need to strike the right balance: clear rules for transparency and liability, but at the same time heavy investment in training.
  • We should not prevent AI, but shape it: with clear rules and a focus on opportunities rather than fears.
The full interview is available here: https://lnkd.in/eghMHfrW
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Capturing value propositions in a CBDC ecosystem

11/8/2025

 
Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC) are a novel phenomenon gaining widespread attention from academics and practitioners in recent years. CBDCs combine new technology-enabled infrastructure and service innovation from the realm of FinTech and Decentralized Finance with the well-established and highly regulated area of central banking. While current practice and research primarily focus on designing specific CBDC systems or the governmental role, the role of companies and the private sector in the CBDC ecosystem still needs to be explored.

Addressing this gap is particularly pertinent given the uncertainty surrounding which value propositions from traditional financial ecosystems and those from Fintech and blockchain-based financial ecosystems might be transferable to the realm of CBDCs. In this regard, the potential emergence of entirely novel value propositions companies could offer uniquely to CBDCs adds another layer of complexity.

Our recently published paper aims to fill this gap by shedding light on private organizations’ value propositions in CBDC ecosystems. Through a multivocal literature review, we comprehensively gather both academic and practitioner insights. We aggregate value propositions directly stated in the current literature base and verify and complement these findings by mapping the needs of a CBDC ecosystem to value propositions companies might offer to fulfill these needs.

I am happy that our paper “A Multivocal Literature Review on Capturing Value Propositions for Private Organizations in a CBDC Ecosystem” has been accepted for publication in Communications of the Association for Information Systems (CAIS).
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Blockchain to navigate coopetition dynamics in SCM

30/7/2025

 
Coopetition dynamics, which refer to the simultaneous competition and cooperation, increasingly affect the management of digital supply chains. Current research profoundly explores the benefits and drawbacks of using blockchain systems in coopetition strategies to boost cooperation and automation in supply chains. However, these systems often do not adequately address how to manage competition dependencies, which practitioners need to address when considering adopting a blockchain solution that contains excessive disclosure of sensitive information during the data exchange within a transparent network.

Our recently published paper examines how to protect such sensitive information essential for maintaining competitive dynamics. Following a design science research approach, we suggest a blockchain architecture specifically tailored to the construction industry. We focus on components that manage competition and privacy-enhancing technologies that address the trade-off between cooperation benefits and the need to protect sensitive business data, which is especially crucial in supply chain automation. This study contributes to the current scientific discourse by designing and deriving implementation guidelines for a solution that incorporates the benefits while addressing the potential drawbacks of blockchain technology through coopetitive data exchange to diffuse blockchain solutions into practice successfully.

I am happy that our paper “Striking a balance: Designing a blockchain-based solution to navigate coopetition dynamics in supply chain management" has been accepted for publication in Electronic Markets and is now available online (Open Access).
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Toward triadic delegation

30/7/2025

 
The emergence of agentic information systems (IS) in healthcare marks a shift in the patient-doctor relationship. As agentic IS artifacts are increasingly exhibiting autonomous behavior with expanding decision-making latitude, the traditional dyadic patient-doctor relationship transitions into a triad of patient, agentic IS, and doctor. Agentic IS artifacts no longer merely perform tasks on humans’ behalf but now actively delegate. Levering an in-depth case study on an agentic health companion designed for neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction management, we investigate how agentic IS artifacts alter the patient-doctor relationship.

Drawing on phenomenon-based theorizing, we synthesize our observations through the lens of delegation and expand existing delegation theory in terms of triadic perspectives. Our findings reveal relevant changes in agent attributes and agentic interactions as well as the emergence of conflicts. Based on our theoretical advancements, we derive a framework of triadic delegation. Our research contributes to both theory and practice by providing meaningful theoretical insights into the triadic delegations of humans with increasingly autonomous agentic IS artifacts.

I am happy that our paper “Toward Triadic Delegation: How Agentic IS Artifacts Affect the Patient-Doctor Relationship in Healthcare" has been accepted for publication in the Journal of the Association for Information Systems and is now available online.
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Self-sovereign identity in the public sector

18/6/2025

 
Self-sovereign identity (SSI) is a promising paradigm for managing digital identities, offering individuals greater control while enabling more secure and efficient interactions across sectors. Yet, public sector innovation with SSI remains complex. In our paper (open access) that has been published in Government Information Quarterly, we explore how public sector organizations can experiment with and actualize the potential of SSI. Using the affordance-experimentation-actualization (A-E-A) framework, we present findings from a real-world case study on digital tax registration.
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